package proc import ( "debug/dwarf" "encoding/binary" "errors" "fmt" "go/ast" "go/constant" "reflect" "sort" "github.com/go-delve/delve/pkg/dwarf/godwarf" "github.com/go-delve/delve/pkg/dwarf/op" "github.com/go-delve/delve/pkg/dwarf/reader" "github.com/go-delve/delve/pkg/logflags" "golang.org/x/arch/x86/x86asm" ) // This file implements the function call injection introduced in go1.11. // // The protocol is described in $GOROOT/src/runtime/asm_amd64.s in the // comments for function runtime·debugCallV1. // // The main entry point is EvalExpressionWithCalls which will start a goroutine to // evaluate the provided expression. // This goroutine can either return immediately, if no function calls were // needed, or write a continue request to the scope.callCtx.continueRequest // channel. When this happens EvalExpressionWithCalls will call Continue and // return. // // The Continue loop will write to scope.callCtx.continueCompleted when it // hits a breakpoint in the call injection protocol. // // The work of setting up the function call and executing the protocol is // done by evalFunctionCall and funcCallStep. const ( debugCallFunctionNamePrefix1 = "debugCall" debugCallFunctionNamePrefix2 = "runtime.debugCall" debugCallFunctionName = "runtime.debugCallV1" ) var ( errFuncCallUnsupported = errors.New("function calls not supported by this version of Go") errFuncCallUnsupportedBackend = errors.New("backend does not support function calls") errFuncCallInProgress = errors.New("cannot call function while another function call is already in progress") errNotACallExpr = errors.New("not a function call") errNoGoroutine = errors.New("no goroutine selected") errGoroutineNotRunning = errors.New("selected goroutine not running") errNotEnoughStack = errors.New("not enough stack space") errTooManyArguments = errors.New("too many arguments") errNotEnoughArguments = errors.New("not enough arguments") errNoAddrUnsupported = errors.New("arguments to a function call must have an address") errNotAGoFunction = errors.New("not a Go function") errFuncCallNotAllowed = errors.New("function calls not allowed without using 'call'") ) type functionCallState struct { // savedRegs contains the saved registers savedRegs Registers // err contains a saved error err error // fn is the function that is being called fn *Function // closureAddr is the address of the closure being called closureAddr uint64 // argmem contains the argument frame of this function call argmem []byte // retvars contains the return variables after the function call terminates without panic'ing retvars []*Variable // retLoadCfg is the load configuration used to load return values retLoadCfg *LoadConfig // panicvar is a variable used to store the value of the panic, if the // called function panics. panicvar *Variable } type callContext struct { p Process // checkEscape is true if the escape check should be performed. // See service/api.DebuggerCommand.UnsafeCall in service/api/types.go. checkEscape bool // retLoadCfg is the load configuration used to load return values retLoadCfg LoadConfig // Write to continueRequest to request a call to Continue from the // debugger's main goroutine. // Read from continueCompleted to wait for the target process to stop at // one of the interaction point of the function call protocol. // To signal that evaluation is completed a value will be written to // continueRequest having cont == false and the return values in ret. continueRequest chan<- continueRequest continueCompleted <-chan struct{} } type continueRequest struct { cont bool err error ret *Variable } func (callCtx *callContext) doContinue() { callCtx.continueRequest <- continueRequest{cont: true} <-callCtx.continueCompleted } func (callCtx *callContext) doReturn(ret *Variable, err error) { if callCtx == nil { return } callCtx.continueRequest <- continueRequest{cont: false, ret: ret, err: err} } // EvalExpressionWithCalls is like EvalExpression but allows function calls in 'expr'. // Because this can only be done in the current goroutine, unlike // EvalExpression, EvalExpressionWithCalls is not a method of EvalScope. func EvalExpressionWithCalls(p Process, expr string, retLoadCfg LoadConfig, checkEscape bool) error { bi := p.BinInfo() if !p.Common().fncallEnabled { return errFuncCallUnsupportedBackend } if p.Common().continueCompleted != nil { return errFuncCallInProgress } dbgcallfn := bi.LookupFunc[debugCallFunctionName] if dbgcallfn == nil { return errFuncCallUnsupported } // check that the selected goroutine is running g := p.SelectedGoroutine() if g == nil { return errNoGoroutine } if g.Status != Grunning || g.Thread == nil { return errGoroutineNotRunning } scope, err := GoroutineScope(p.CurrentThread()) if err != nil { return err } continueRequest := make(chan continueRequest) continueCompleted := make(chan struct{}) scope.callCtx = &callContext{ p: p, checkEscape: checkEscape, retLoadCfg: retLoadCfg, continueRequest: continueRequest, continueCompleted: continueCompleted, } p.Common().continueRequest = continueRequest p.Common().continueCompleted = continueCompleted go scope.EvalExpression(expr, retLoadCfg) contReq, ok := <-continueRequest if contReq.cont { return Continue(p) } return finishEvalExpressionWithCalls(p, contReq, ok) } func finishEvalExpressionWithCalls(p Process, contReq continueRequest, ok bool) error { var err error if !ok { err = errors.New("internal error EvalExpressionWithCalls didn't return anything") } else if contReq.err != nil { if fpe, ispanic := contReq.err.(fncallPanicErr); ispanic { p.CurrentThread().Common().returnValues = []*Variable{fpe.panicVar} } else { err = contReq.err } } else if contReq.ret.Addr == 0 && contReq.ret.DwarfType == nil { // this is a variable returned by a function call with multiple return values r := make([]*Variable, len(contReq.ret.Children)) for i := range contReq.ret.Children { r[i] = &contReq.ret.Children[i] } p.CurrentThread().Common().returnValues = r } else { p.CurrentThread().Common().returnValues = []*Variable{contReq.ret} } p.Common().continueRequest = nil close(p.Common().continueCompleted) p.Common().continueCompleted = nil return err } // evalFunctionCall evaluates a function call. // If this is a built-in function it's evaluated directly. // Otherwise this will start the function call injection protocol and // request that the target process resumes. // See the comment describing the field EvalScope.callCtx for a description // of the preconditions that make starting the function call protocol // possible. // See runtime.debugCallV1 in $GOROOT/src/runtime/asm_amd64.s for a // description of the protocol. func (scope *EvalScope) evalFunctionCall(node *ast.CallExpr) (*Variable, error) { r, err := scope.evalBuiltinCall(node) if r != nil || err != nil { // it was a builtin call return r, err } if scope.callCtx == nil { return nil, errFuncCallNotAllowed } p := scope.callCtx.p bi := scope.BinInfo if !p.Common().fncallEnabled { return nil, errFuncCallUnsupportedBackend } if p.Common().callInProgress { return nil, errFuncCallInProgress } p.Common().callInProgress = true defer func() { p.Common().callInProgress = false }() dbgcallfn := bi.LookupFunc[debugCallFunctionName] if dbgcallfn == nil { return nil, errFuncCallUnsupported } // check that the selected goroutine is running g := p.SelectedGoroutine() if g == nil { return nil, errNoGoroutine } if g.Status != Grunning || g.Thread == nil { return nil, errGoroutineNotRunning } // check that there are at least 256 bytes free on the stack regs, err := g.Thread.Registers(true) if err != nil { return nil, err } regs = regs.Copy() if regs.SP()-256 <= g.stacklo { return nil, errNotEnoughStack } _, err = regs.Get(int(x86asm.RAX)) if err != nil { return nil, errFuncCallUnsupportedBackend } fn, closureAddr, argvars, err := scope.funcCallEvalExpr(node) if err != nil { return nil, err } argmem, err := funcCallArgFrame(fn, argvars, g, bi, scope.callCtx.checkEscape) if err != nil { return nil, err } if err := callOP(bi, g.Thread, regs, dbgcallfn.Entry); err != nil { return nil, err } // write the desired argument frame size at SP-(2*pointer_size) (the extra pointer is the saved PC) if err := writePointer(bi, g.Thread, regs.SP()-3*uint64(bi.Arch.PtrSize()), uint64(len(argmem))); err != nil { return nil, err } fncall := functionCallState{ savedRegs: regs, fn: fn, closureAddr: closureAddr, argmem: argmem, retLoadCfg: &scope.callCtx.retLoadCfg, } fncallLog("function call initiated %v frame size %d\n", fn, len(argmem)) spoff := int64(scope.Regs.Uint64Val(scope.Regs.SPRegNum)) - int64(g.stackhi) bpoff := int64(scope.Regs.Uint64Val(scope.Regs.BPRegNum)) - int64(g.stackhi) fboff := scope.Regs.FrameBase - int64(g.stackhi) for { scope.callCtx.doContinue() g = p.SelectedGoroutine() if g != nil { // adjust the value of registers inside scope for regnum := range scope.Regs.Regs { switch uint64(regnum) { case scope.Regs.PCRegNum, scope.Regs.SPRegNum, scope.Regs.BPRegNum: // leave these alone default: // every other register is dirty and unrecoverable scope.Regs.Regs[regnum] = nil } } scope.Regs.Regs[scope.Regs.SPRegNum].Uint64Val = uint64(spoff + int64(g.stackhi)) scope.Regs.Regs[scope.Regs.BPRegNum].Uint64Val = uint64(bpoff + int64(g.stackhi)) scope.Regs.FrameBase = fboff + int64(g.stackhi) scope.Regs.CFA = scope.frameOffset + int64(g.stackhi) } finished := funcCallStep(scope, &fncall) if finished { break } } if fncall.err != nil { return nil, fncall.err } if fncall.panicvar != nil { return nil, fncallPanicErr{fncall.panicvar} } switch len(fncall.retvars) { case 0: r := scope.newVariable("", 0, nil, nil) r.loaded = true r.Unreadable = errors.New("no return values") return r, nil case 1: return fncall.retvars[0], nil default: // create a fake variable without address or type to return multiple values r := scope.newVariable("", 0, nil, nil) r.loaded = true r.Children = make([]Variable, len(fncall.retvars)) for i := range fncall.retvars { r.Children[i] = *fncall.retvars[i] } return r, nil } } // fncallPanicErr is the error returned if a called function panics type fncallPanicErr struct { panicVar *Variable } func (err fncallPanicErr) Error() string { return fmt.Sprintf("panic calling a function") } func fncallLog(fmtstr string, args ...interface{}) { logflags.FnCallLogger().Infof(fmtstr, args...) } // writePointer writes val as an architecture pointer at addr in mem. func writePointer(bi *BinaryInfo, mem MemoryReadWriter, addr, val uint64) error { ptrbuf := make([]byte, bi.Arch.PtrSize()) // TODO: use target architecture endianness instead of LittleEndian switch len(ptrbuf) { case 4: binary.LittleEndian.PutUint32(ptrbuf, uint32(val)) case 8: binary.LittleEndian.PutUint64(ptrbuf, val) default: panic(fmt.Errorf("unsupported pointer size %d", len(ptrbuf))) } _, err := mem.WriteMemory(uintptr(addr), ptrbuf) return err } // callOP simulates a call instruction on the given thread: // * pushes the current value of PC on the stack (adjusting SP) // * changes the value of PC to callAddr // Note: regs are NOT updated! func callOP(bi *BinaryInfo, thread Thread, regs Registers, callAddr uint64) error { sp := regs.SP() // push PC on the stack sp -= uint64(bi.Arch.PtrSize()) if err := thread.SetSP(sp); err != nil { return err } if err := writePointer(bi, thread, sp, regs.PC()); err != nil { return err } return thread.SetPC(callAddr) } // funcCallEvalExpr evaluates expr, which must be a function call, returns // the function being called and its arguments. func (scope *EvalScope) funcCallEvalExpr(callexpr *ast.CallExpr) (fn *Function, closureAddr uint64, argvars []*Variable, err error) { bi := scope.BinInfo fnvar, err := scope.evalAST(callexpr.Fun) if err != nil { return nil, 0, nil, err } if fnvar.Kind != reflect.Func { return nil, 0, nil, fmt.Errorf("expression %q is not a function", exprToString(callexpr.Fun)) } fnvar.loadValue(LoadConfig{false, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0}) if fnvar.Unreadable != nil { return nil, 0, nil, fnvar.Unreadable } if fnvar.Base == 0 { return nil, 0, nil, errors.New("nil pointer dereference") } fn = bi.PCToFunc(uint64(fnvar.Base)) if fn == nil { return nil, 0, nil, fmt.Errorf("could not find DIE for function %q", exprToString(callexpr.Fun)) } if !fn.cu.isgo { return nil, 0, nil, errNotAGoFunction } argvars = make([]*Variable, 0, len(callexpr.Args)+1) if len(fnvar.Children) > 0 { // receiver argument argvars = append(argvars, &fnvar.Children[0]) } for i := range callexpr.Args { argvar, err := scope.evalAST(callexpr.Args[i]) if err != nil { return nil, 0, nil, err } argvar.Name = exprToString(callexpr.Args[i]) argvars = append(argvars, argvar) } return fn, fnvar.funcvalAddr(), argvars, nil } type funcCallArg struct { name string typ godwarf.Type off int64 isret bool } // funcCallArgFrame checks type and pointer escaping for the arguments and // returns the argument frame. func funcCallArgFrame(fn *Function, actualArgs []*Variable, g *G, bi *BinaryInfo, checkEscape bool) (argmem []byte, err error) { argFrameSize, formalArgs, err := funcCallArgs(fn, bi, false) if err != nil { return nil, err } if len(actualArgs) > len(formalArgs) { return nil, errTooManyArguments } if len(actualArgs) < len(formalArgs) { return nil, errNotEnoughArguments } // constructs arguments frame argmem = make([]byte, argFrameSize) argmemWriter := &bufferMemoryReadWriter{argmem} for i := range formalArgs { formalArg := &formalArgs[i] actualArg := actualArgs[i] if checkEscape { //TODO(aarzilli): only apply the escapeCheck to leaking parameters. if err := escapeCheck(actualArg, formalArg.name, g); err != nil { return nil, fmt.Errorf("cannot use %s as argument %s in function %s: %v", actualArg.Name, formalArg.name, fn.Name, err) } } //TODO(aarzilli): autmoatic wrapping in interfaces for cases not handled // by convertToEface. formalArgVar := newVariable(formalArg.name, uintptr(formalArg.off+fakeAddress), formalArg.typ, bi, argmemWriter) if err := formalArgVar.setValue(actualArg, actualArg.Name); err != nil { return nil, err } } return argmem, nil } func funcCallArgs(fn *Function, bi *BinaryInfo, includeRet bool) (argFrameSize int64, formalArgs []funcCallArg, err error) { const CFA = 0x1000 vrdr := reader.Variables(fn.cu.image.dwarf, fn.offset, reader.ToRelAddr(fn.Entry, fn.cu.image.StaticBase), int(^uint(0)>>1), false) // typechecks arguments, calculates argument frame size for vrdr.Next() { e := vrdr.Entry() if e.Tag != dwarf.TagFormalParameter { continue } entry, argname, typ, err := readVarEntry(e, fn.cu.image) if err != nil { return 0, nil, err } typ = resolveTypedef(typ) locprog, _, err := bi.locationExpr(entry, dwarf.AttrLocation, fn.Entry) if err != nil { return 0, nil, fmt.Errorf("could not get argument location of %s: %v", argname, err) } off, _, err := op.ExecuteStackProgram(op.DwarfRegisters{CFA: CFA, FrameBase: CFA}, locprog) if err != nil { return 0, nil, fmt.Errorf("unsupported location expression for argument %s: %v", argname, err) } off -= CFA if e := off + typ.Size(); e > argFrameSize { argFrameSize = e } if isret, _ := entry.Val(dwarf.AttrVarParam).(bool); !isret || includeRet { formalArgs = append(formalArgs, funcCallArg{name: argname, typ: typ, off: off, isret: isret}) } } if err := vrdr.Err(); err != nil { return 0, nil, fmt.Errorf("DWARF read error: %v", err) } sort.Slice(formalArgs, func(i, j int) bool { return formalArgs[i].off < formalArgs[j].off }) return argFrameSize, formalArgs, nil } func escapeCheck(v *Variable, name string, g *G) error { switch v.Kind { case reflect.Ptr: var w *Variable if len(v.Children) == 1 { // this branch is here to support pointers constructed with typecasts from ints or the '&' operator w = &v.Children[0] } else { w = v.maybeDereference() } return escapeCheckPointer(w.Addr, name, g) case reflect.Chan, reflect.String, reflect.Slice: return escapeCheckPointer(v.Base, name, g) case reflect.Map: sv := v.clone() sv.RealType = resolveTypedef(&(v.RealType.(*godwarf.MapType).TypedefType)) sv = sv.maybeDereference() return escapeCheckPointer(sv.Addr, name, g) case reflect.Struct: t := v.RealType.(*godwarf.StructType) for _, field := range t.Field { fv, _ := v.toField(field) if err := escapeCheck(fv, fmt.Sprintf("%s.%s", name, field.Name), g); err != nil { return err } } case reflect.Array: for i := int64(0); i < v.Len; i++ { sv, _ := v.sliceAccess(int(i)) if err := escapeCheck(sv, fmt.Sprintf("%s[%d]", name, i), g); err != nil { return err } } case reflect.Func: if err := escapeCheckPointer(uintptr(v.funcvalAddr()), name, g); err != nil { return err } } return nil } func escapeCheckPointer(addr uintptr, name string, g *G) error { if uint64(addr) >= g.stacklo && uint64(addr) < g.stackhi { return fmt.Errorf("stack object passed to escaping pointer: %s", name) } return nil } const ( debugCallAXPrecheckFailed = 8 debugCallAXCompleteCall = 0 debugCallAXReadReturn = 1 debugCallAXReadPanic = 2 debugCallAXRestoreRegisters = 16 ) // funcCallStep executes one step of the function call injection protocol. func funcCallStep(scope *EvalScope, fncall *functionCallState) bool { p := scope.callCtx.p bi := p.BinInfo() thread := p.CurrentThread() regs, err := thread.Registers(false) if err != nil { fncall.err = err return true } regs = regs.Copy() rax, _ := regs.Get(int(x86asm.RAX)) if logflags.FnCall() { loc, _ := thread.Location() var pc uint64 var fnname string if loc != nil { pc = loc.PC if loc.Fn != nil { fnname = loc.Fn.Name } } fncallLog("function call interrupt rax=%#x (PC=%#x in %s)\n", rax, pc, fnname) } switch rax { case debugCallAXPrecheckFailed: // get error from top of the stack and return it to user errvar, err := readTopstackVariable(thread, regs, "string", loadFullValue) if err != nil { fncall.err = fmt.Errorf("could not get precheck error reason: %v", err) break } errvar.Name = "err" fncall.err = fmt.Errorf("%v", constant.StringVal(errvar.Value)) case debugCallAXCompleteCall: // write arguments to the stack, call final function n, err := thread.WriteMemory(uintptr(regs.SP()), fncall.argmem) if err != nil { fncall.err = fmt.Errorf("could not write arguments: %v", err) } if n != len(fncall.argmem) { fncall.err = fmt.Errorf("short argument write: %d %d", n, len(fncall.argmem)) } if fncall.closureAddr != 0 { // When calling a function pointer we must set the DX register to the // address of the function pointer itself. thread.SetDX(fncall.closureAddr) } callOP(bi, thread, regs, fncall.fn.Entry) case debugCallAXRestoreRegisters: // runtime requests that we restore the registers (all except pc and sp), // this is also the last step of the function call protocol. pc, sp := regs.PC(), regs.SP() if err := thread.RestoreRegisters(fncall.savedRegs); err != nil { fncall.err = fmt.Errorf("could not restore registers: %v", err) } if err := thread.SetPC(pc); err != nil { fncall.err = fmt.Errorf("could not restore PC: %v", err) } if err := thread.SetSP(sp); err != nil { fncall.err = fmt.Errorf("could not restore SP: %v", err) } if err := stepInstructionOut(p, thread, debugCallFunctionName, debugCallFunctionName); err != nil { fncall.err = fmt.Errorf("could not step out of %s: %v", debugCallFunctionName, err) } return true case debugCallAXReadReturn: // read return arguments from stack if fncall.retLoadCfg == nil || fncall.panicvar != nil { break } scope, err := ThreadScope(thread) if err != nil { fncall.err = fmt.Errorf("could not get return values: %v", err) break } // pretend we are still inside the function we called fakeFunctionEntryScope(scope, fncall.fn, int64(regs.SP()), regs.SP()-uint64(bi.Arch.PtrSize())) fncall.retvars, err = scope.Locals() if err != nil { fncall.err = fmt.Errorf("could not get return values: %v", err) break } fncall.retvars = filterVariables(fncall.retvars, func(v *Variable) bool { return (v.Flags & VariableReturnArgument) != 0 }) loadValues(fncall.retvars, *fncall.retLoadCfg) case debugCallAXReadPanic: // read panic value from stack if fncall.retLoadCfg == nil { return false } fncall.panicvar, err = readTopstackVariable(thread, regs, "interface {}", *fncall.retLoadCfg) if err != nil { fncall.err = fmt.Errorf("could not get panic: %v", err) break } fncall.panicvar.Name = "~panic" fncall.panicvar.loadValue(*fncall.retLoadCfg) if fncall.panicvar.Unreadable != nil { fncall.err = fmt.Errorf("could not get panic: %v", fncall.panicvar.Unreadable) break } default: // Got an unknown AX value, this is probably bad but the safest thing // possible is to ignore it and hope it didn't matter. fncallLog("unknown value of AX %#x", rax) } return false } func readTopstackVariable(thread Thread, regs Registers, typename string, loadCfg LoadConfig) (*Variable, error) { bi := thread.BinInfo() scope, err := ThreadScope(thread) if err != nil { return nil, err } typ, err := bi.findType(typename) if err != nil { return nil, err } v := scope.newVariable("", uintptr(regs.SP()), typ, scope.Mem) v.loadValue(loadCfg) if v.Unreadable != nil { return nil, v.Unreadable } return v, nil } // fakeEntryScope alters scope to pretend that we are at the entry point of // fn and CFA and SP are the ones passed as argument. // This function is used to create a scope for a call frame that doesn't // exist anymore, to read the return variables of an injected function call, // or after a stepout command. func fakeFunctionEntryScope(scope *EvalScope, fn *Function, cfa int64, sp uint64) error { scope.PC = fn.Entry scope.Fn = fn scope.File, scope.Line, _ = scope.BinInfo.PCToLine(fn.Entry) scope.Regs.CFA = cfa scope.Regs.Regs[scope.Regs.SPRegNum].Uint64Val = sp fn.cu.image.dwarfReader.Seek(fn.offset) e, err := fn.cu.image.dwarfReader.Next() if err != nil { return err } scope.Regs.FrameBase, _, _, _ = scope.BinInfo.Location(e, dwarf.AttrFrameBase, scope.PC, scope.Regs) return nil } func (fncall *functionCallState) returnValues() []*Variable { if fncall.panicvar != nil { return []*Variable{fncall.panicvar} } return fncall.retvars }